History of the Later Roman Empire

J. B. Bury's work is widely regarded as a foundational and definitive scholarly resource on the transformative period between the classical Roman world and medieval Byzantium, significantly influencing modern historiography. As one of the most esteemed historians of late antiquity, Bury's meticulous scholarship finds its fullest expression in this monumental masterpiece. Covering the dynamic era from Emperor Arcadius in 395 A.D. through the reign of Empress Irene ending in 800 A.D., this book meticulously narrates the epoch during which the Eastern Roman Empire evolved profoundly, witnessing crucial historical events and cultural shifts. Bury meticulously examines the dissolution of Roman unity following the death of Theodosius the Great and highlights pivotal figures such as Rufinus, Stilicho, and Alaric, whose actions precipitated monumental changes including the Gothic incursions and the dramatic sack of Rome in 410 A.D. The narrative progresses through the turbulent fifth century, marked by invasions of the Huns, the rise of influential generals like Aetius, and the interplay between barbarian incursions and Roman political instability. Attention is given to the shaping influence of Christianity, notably in societal transformations and theological controversies epitomized by figures such as John Chrysostom and the development of ecclesiastical power. The sixth century emerges prominently through Bury's detailed examination of Emperor Justinian and his ambitious military and administrative endeavors, including the reconquest of Africa and Italy, monumental legal reforms exemplified by the Corpus Juris Civilis, and the devastating Plague of Justinian. The subsequent collapse of Justinian's territorial gains, under pressure from Lombards, Avars, and Slavs, demonstrates the fragility of imperial unity. Bury further explores the profound crises of the seventh century under Heraclius, whose desperate yet victorious Persian war was overshadowed by rapid territorial losses to the ascendant Islamic Caliphate. The book also addresses the internal fragmentation and theological divisions epitomized by the controversies over Monotheletism and Iconoclasm, climaxing under the Isaurian dynasty, particularly Leo III and Constantine V. The eighth century is presented as a pivotal turning point with Empress Irene's controversial rule, the definitive repudiation of Iconoclasm, and significant geopolitical reorientations in Europe, including the establishment of the Bulgarian kingdom and the rising power of the Franks. Through meticulous scholarship, Bury offers a panoramic view of societal, administrative, religious, and cultural transformations, revealing the historical complexity of this transformative era with unmatched depth and insight.