The Illustrated Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology' was penned by O.S. (Orson Squire) Fowler alongside his brother L.N. (Lorenzo Niles) Fowler. They describe themselves, in the beginning of the book, as Practical Phrenologists. The Fowler brothers, together with Lorenzo's wife, Dr. Lydia Folger Fowler, were largely responsible for the immense popularity of phrenology before it eventually became out of fashion in the mid-19th century. This 136-page book contains some content that will be comical to readers of today but is considered to be true and to be taken seriously during the time that this book was written.